List of Figures

• Different Types of Complexity.
• The Structure of a Cell in Cosmos.
• Translation of the Genome.
• Searching for Communications with the rms_receive Instruction.
• An Example of Organism Fission.
• Different Patterns of Energy Token Distribution.
• The Top-Level Algorithm.
• Schematic of the Standard Ancestor, 348AAAA.
• Standard Run: Length.
• Standard Run: Population Size.
• Standard Run: Replication Period.
• Standard Run: Diversity.
• Standard Run: Flaw Period.
• Standard Run: Age at Death.
• Theoretical Relationship between Program Length and Replication Period. Left: Size of copy loop increases proportionally with size of program. Right: Size of copy loop is constant.
• Population Size Limit Imposed on Ancestor Programs by the Default Rate of Introduction of Energy into Environment.
• Standard Run, Neutral Shadow: Diversity.
• Standard Run: Unfaithful Replications.
• Standard Run: Unfaithful Replications (omitting points with zero infidelity).
• Standard Run: Activity Waves Plot.
• Standard Run, Neutral Shadow: Activity Waves Plot.
• Standard Run, Neutral Shadow: Activity Waves Plot (magnified).
• Standard Run: Cumulative Activity.
• Standard Run, Neutral Shadow: Cumulative Activity.
• Standard Run: Mean Cumulative Activity.
• Standard Run, Neutral Shadow: Mean Cumulative Activity.
• Standard Run: New Activity.
• Standard Run, Neutral Shadow: New Activity.
• Standard Run: Mean New Activity.
• Standard Run, Neutral Shadow: Mean New Activity.
• Standard Run: Phylogeny of Significant Genotypes.
• Standard Run: Cell Energy Distribution, Time Slice 5,000.
• Standard Run: Cell Energy Distribution, Time Slice 910,000.
• Standard Run: Cell Age Distribution, Time Slice 900,000.
• Contingency Experiments. Graphs of Cumulative Activity, Mean Cumulative Activity, Diversity, Program Length and Replication Period for Runs 10 (left) and 17 (right).
• Procedure for Significance Testing in Contingency Experiments.
• Cumulative Activity (concentration): Pairwise comparisons (p values) between runs. Raw Sample Data (left). Differenced Sample Data (right).
• Mean Cumulative Activity (concentration): Pairwise comparisons between runs.
• Diversity: Pairwise comparisons between runs.
• Program Length: Pairwise comparisons between runs.
• Replication Period: Pairwise comparisons between runs.
• Activity Wave Diagram, Runs 10 (left) and 17 (right).
• Class 2 versus Class 1 Dynamics.
• Standard Model Re-Runs: Spatial distribution of programs in Run 1 during Class 1 phase.
• Standard Model Re-Runs: Age at Death of programs in Run 1.
• Standard Model Re-Runs: Number of faithful offspring of programs in Run 1.
• Population size graphs for ancestors with different numbers of et_collect instructions within copy loop.
• Low Mutation: Population size graphs for Run 3 (left) and Run 9 (right).
• Low Mutation: Takeover of population by `cancerous' mutant (darker squares) in Run 3.
• CPU-time Distribution: Graphs of Program Length for 4 of the 9 Runs.
• Private Energy Collection: Class 1-like behaviour.
• Private Energy Collection: Population Size and Diversity for Run 9.
• Large Energy Gradient, Runs 1 and 2: Change in constitution of population over time.
• Large Energy Gradient, Runs 3, 5, 7 and 8: Change in constitution of population over time.
• Large Energy Gradient, Run 3: Spatial Distribution of Programs at Time Slice 900,000.
• Large Energy Gradient, Run 8: Spatial Distribution of Programs at Time Slice 900,000.
• Large Energy Gradient: Equilibrium distribution of environmental energy.
• Large Energy Gradient, Run 5: Spatial Distribution of Programs of Different Sizes at Time Slice 900,000.
• Large Energy Gradient, Run 7: Spatial Distribution of Programs of Different Sizes at Time Slice 900,000.
• Large Energy Gradient, Runs 4, 6 and 9: Change in constitution of population over time.
• Large Energy Gradient, Run 4: Spatial Distribution of Programs of Different Sizes at Time Slice 900,000.
• Large Energy Gradient, Run 6: Spatial Distribution of Programs of Different Sizes at Time Slice 900,000.
• Large Energy Gradient, Run 9: Spatial Distribution of Programs of Different Sizes at Time Slice 900,000.
• Schematic of the Sexual Ancestor, 1314AAAA.
• Categorisation of Reproducers.
• DNA Replication.
• Embeddedness of Individuals and Richness of Interactions in Various Artificial Evolutionary Platforms.
• Format of the genetic_code.ini file.
• Format of the params.ini file.
• Format of the ancestor.ini file.